A comprehensive financial planning roadmap for physicians. From building an emergency fund and protecting your income to maximizing retirement accounts and building long-term wealth.

Physician Financial Planning: A Step-by-Step Guide

Published: January 24, 2026 | Category: Personal Finance | Reading Time: 18 minutes

The Physician Financial Planning Checklist

Emergency Fund: 3-6 months of expenses in savings
Disability Insurance: 60-70% of income, own-occupation
Term Life Insurance: 10-20x income if you have dependents
Student Loans: Choose optimal repayment strategy (PSLF, refinance, or standard)
Retirement: Max 401(k), Backdoor Roth, consider Mega Backdoor Roth
Taxable Investing: After maximizing tax-advantaged accounts
Estate Planning: Will, power of attorney, beneficiary designations

Why Physicians Need Specialized Financial Planning

Physicians face unique financial challenges that general financial advice doesn't address:

Delayed Earning: Most physicians don't earn attending salaries until age 30-35
Massive Student Debt: Average medical school debt exceeds $200,000
High Income, High Taxes: Many physicians are in the 32-37% federal tax brackets
Complex Compensation: Base salary, RVUs, bonuses, call pay, and benefits
Career Risk: Malpractice, burnout, and specialty-specific disability risks

Whether you're a neurosurgeon earning $800,000 or a pediatrician making $240,000, this guide provides a roadmap for financial success.

Phase 1: Foundation (Residency & Early Career)

Build an Emergency Fund

Before aggressive debt payoff or investing, establish 3-6 months of expenses in a high-yield savings account. For a resident, this might be $15,000-$20,000. For an attending, $30,000-$50,000+.

Get Disability Insurance

Your ability to earn is your greatest asset. A orthopedic surgeon's career earnings exceed $20 million. Protect this with own-occupation disability insurance. Learn more in our Physician Disability Insurance Guide.

Buy during residency when premiums are lowest and you can lock in rates before any health issues develop.

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Get Term Life Insurance (If You Have Dependents)

If anyone depends on your income—spouse, children, parents—you need life insurance. A 20-year term policy for 10-20x your income is typically sufficient and affordable.

Start Retirement Contributions

Even in residency, contribute at least enough to get any employer match. This is free money. As an attending, maximize contributions to:

401(k)/403(b): $23,000 in 2026 ($30,500 if 50+)
Backdoor Roth IRA: $7,000 ($8,000 if 50+)

Phase 2: Student Loan Strategy

With average medical school debt of $200,000+, your student loan strategy significantly impacts your financial future.

Option 1: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF)

Best for: Physicians planning to work at non-profit hospitals or academic medical centers for 10+ years

Make 120 qualifying payments (10 years) while working for a qualifying employer
Remaining balance forgiven tax-free
Enroll in an income-driven repayment plan (SAVE, PAYE, or IBR)
Payments can be very low during residency

Option 2: Refinance to Private Loans

Best for: Physicians going into private practice with high incomes and no PSLF eligibility

Potentially lower interest rates (currently 5-7% for qualified borrowers)
Faster payoff with aggressive payments
Lose federal protections and forgiveness options

Option 3: Income-Driven Repayment Without PSLF

Best for: Physicians unsure of their career path or with complex situations

Payments based on income, providing flexibility
Forgiveness after 20-25 years (currently taxable)
Keeps federal protections

Learn more in our Student Loan Repayment Strategies for Physicians guide.

Phase 3: Maximize Tax-Advantaged Accounts

High-income physicians should prioritize tax-advantaged accounts in this order:

1. Employer 401(k)/403(b) Match

Always contribute enough to get the full employer match. This is an immediate 50-100% return on your money.

2. Health Savings Account (HSA)

If you have a high-deductible health plan, max out your HSA ($4,150 individual / $8,300 family in 2026). The HSA is the only triple-tax-advantaged account:

Tax-deductible contributions
Tax-free growth
Tax-free withdrawals for medical expenses

3. Max Out 401(k)/403(b)

Contribute the full $23,000 ($30,500 if 50+). Choose Roth or Traditional based on your tax situation.

4. Backdoor Roth IRA

Contribute $7,000 ($8,000 if 50+) through the Backdoor Roth IRA strategy.

5. Mega Backdoor Roth

If your 401(k) allows, contribute an additional $30,000-$46,000 through after-tax contributions converted to Roth.

6. 529 Plans (If You Have Children)

Tax-free growth for education expenses. Many states offer tax deductions for contributions.

Phase 4: Taxable Investing

After maximizing tax-advantaged accounts, invest in a taxable brokerage account. For physicians, this might mean investing $50,000-$200,000+ annually beyond retirement accounts.

Tax-Efficient Investing Strategies

Index Funds: Low turnover means fewer taxable events
Tax-Loss Harvesting: Offset gains with losses
Asset Location: Hold tax-inefficient assets in retirement accounts
Municipal Bonds: Tax-free interest for high earners
Long-Term Holding: Qualify for lower long-term capital gains rates

Phase 5: Advanced Planning

Practice Ownership / Partnership

Many physicians eventually have the opportunity to buy into a practice. This creates additional wealth-building opportunities but also complexity. Evaluate:

Buy-in terms and financing
Practice valuation
Ancillary income opportunities
Exit strategy and buy-out terms

Home Buying with Physician Mortgages

Physician mortgage loans are specifically designed for doctors, offering significant advantages:

No PMI: Even with less than 20% down
Low Down Payments: 0-10% down payment options
Student Loans Excluded: DTI calculations often exclude student debt
Future Income: Some lenders use employment contracts for qualification

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Real Estate Investing

Many physicians invest in real estate for:

Diversification beyond stocks/bonds
Tax benefits (depreciation, 1031 exchanges)
Passive income in retirement

Options include direct ownership, real estate syndications, and REITs.

Umbrella Insurance

With high income and assets, physicians are targets for lawsuits. A $1-5 million umbrella policy costs $200-$500/year and provides crucial protection beyond auto and home insurance limits.

Estate Planning

Essential documents for every physician:

Will
Revocable living trust (especially for larger estates)
Healthcare power of attorney
Financial power of attorney
Beneficiary designations (review annually)

Financial Planning by Career Stage

Medical Student

Minimize borrowing where possible
Understand loan terms and interest rates
Build financial literacy

Resident/Fellow

Live like a resident (avoid lifestyle inflation)
Buy disability insurance
Enroll in income-driven repayment for loans
Contribute to 401(k) match
Start emergency fund

Early Attending (Years 1-5)

Continue living below your means
Attack student loans or pursue PSLF
Max out retirement accounts
Build adequate insurance coverage
Establish estate planning documents

Mid-Career Attending (Years 5-15)

Achieve debt freedom
Maximize all tax-advantaged accounts
Build significant taxable investments
Consider practice ownership opportunities
Evaluate real estate investments

Late Career (15+ Years)

Transition to more conservative asset allocation
Plan retirement timeline
Optimize Social Security strategy
Consider part-time or consulting roles
Finalize estate planning

Financial Planning by Specialty Income

Your specialty income affects your financial planning priorities:

High-Income Specialties ($500,000+)

Orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, and plastic surgeons have more capacity for aggressive wealth building:

Max all retirement accounts including Mega Backdoor Roth
Significant taxable investing ($100,000+/year)
Higher insurance needs
More complex tax planning
Faster path to financial independence

Mid-Income Specialties ($300,000-$500,000)

Anesthesiologists, radiologists, and gastroenterologists can still build significant wealth with disciplined planning:

Max 401(k) and Backdoor Roth
Mega Backdoor Roth if available
Moderate taxable investing
Balance student loans with investing

Lower-Income Specialties ($200,000-$300,000)

Family medicine, pediatrics, and internal medicine physicians need more focused prioritization:

PSLF may be optimal for loan repayment
Focus on maxing 401(k) and Backdoor Roth first
More modest lifestyle to enable saving
Consider moonlighting for additional income

Common Physician Financial Mistakes

Lifestyle inflation: Dramatically increasing spending with attending income
Inadequate insurance: Skipping disability insurance or buying insufficient coverage
Wrong student loan strategy: Refinancing when PSLF would save more
Ignoring taxes: Not maximizing tax-advantaged accounts
Timing the market: Trying to pick stocks or time investments
Expensive advisors: Paying 1%+ AUM fees that compound to millions over a career
No estate planning: Leaving family unprotected
Mixing insurance and investing: Buying whole life or universal life insurance

Working with Financial Professionals

Fee-Only Financial Advisors

Look for advisors who charge flat fees or hourly rates rather than assets under management (AUM). Many physician-focused advisors charge $2,000-$5,000/year for comprehensive planning.

Tax Professionals

A good CPA who understands physician compensation can save you thousands annually. Look for experience with:

High-income tax planning
1099/independent contractor income
Retirement account optimization
Student loan tax implications

Your Financial Planning Action Items

This Week: Review your current insurance coverage and identify gaps
This Month: Optimize your 401(k) contributions and investment selection
This Quarter: Create or update estate planning documents
This Year: Develop a comprehensive student loan strategy
Ongoing: Track your net worth and savings rate monthly

Check your salary against market rates to ensure you're maximizing your earning potential:

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial, tax, or legal advice. Consult with qualified professionals before making financial decisions.